Associate Professor
carolynf@u.washington.edu, 206-543-9519

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health management, conservation, and culture of marine invertebrates

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Publications

1. 1987. Elston, R.A., Beattie, J.H., Friedman, C., Hedrick, R.P. and Kent, M.L.: Pathology and significance of fatal inflammatory bacteremia in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. Journal of Fish Diseases 10:121-132.

2. 1989. Friedman, C.S., McDowell, T., Groff, J.M., Hollibaugh, J.T., Manzer, D. and Hedrick, R.P.: Presence of Bonamia ostreae among populations of the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis Linne, in California, USA. Journal of Shellfish Research 8(1):133-137.

3. 1989. Hedrick, R.P., Friedman, C.S. and Modin, J.: Systemic infection in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar with a Dermocystidium-like species. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 7:171-177.

4. 1991. Friedman, C.S. and Hedrick, R.P.: Pacific oyster nocardiosis: isolation of the bacterium and induction of laboratory infections. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 57:109-120.

5. 1991. Friedman, C.S., J.H. Beattie, R.A. Elston and Hedrick, R.P.: Investigation of the relationship between the presence of a gram-positive bacterial infection and summer mortality of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. Aquaculture 94:1-15.

6. 1991. Friedman, C.S.: Potential uses and limitations of chemotherapeutants in control of major diseases of cultured shellfish in North America. Veterinary Human Toxicology 33(Suppl 1):30-33.

7. 1991. Friedman, C.F., D. Manzer and R.P. Hedrick: A haplosporidian from Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 58:367-372.

8. 1993. Groff, J.M., McDowell, T.S., Friedman, C.S., Hedrick, R.P.: Detection of a nonoccluded baculovirus in the tropical blue crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus reared in North America. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 5:275-279.

9. 1993. VanBlaricom, G.R., Ruediger, J.L., Friedman, C.S., Woodard, D.D. and Hedrick, R.P.: Discovery withering syndrome among black abalone populations at San Nicolas Island, California. Journal of Shellfish Research 12(2):185-188.

10. 1993. Friedman, C.S., Roberts, W., Kismohandaka, G. and Hedrick, R.P.: Transmissibility of a coccidian parasite of abalone, Haliotis spp. Journal of Shellfish Research 12(2):201-205.

11. 1994. Friedman, C.S. and Perkins, F.O.: Range extension of Bonamia ostreae to Maine, U.S.A. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 64:179-181.

12. 1995. Friedman, C.S., Gardner, G.R., Hedrick, R.P., Stephenson, M., Cawthorn, R.J., and Upton, S.J.: Pseudoklossia haliotis sp. n. (Apicomplexa) from the kidney of California abalone, Haliotis spp. (Mollusca). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 66(1):33-38.

13. 1996. Friedman C.S. Haplosporidian infections of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) in California, U.S.A. Journal of Shellfish Research 15(3):597-600.

14. 1997. Friedman, C.S., Grindley, R., and Keogh, J.A. Isolation of a fungus from shell lesions of New Zealand abalone, Haliotis iris Martyn and H. australis Gmelin. Journal of Molluscan Research 18:313-324.

15. 1997. Friedman, C.S., Thomson, M., Chun, C., Haaker, P.L., and Hedrick, R.P. Withering syndrome of the black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii (Leach): water temperature, food availability, and parasites as possible causes. Journal of Shellfish Research 16(2):403-411.

16. 1997. Shamseldin, A.A., Clegg, J.S., Friedman, C.S., Cherr, G.N., and Pillai, M.C. Induced thermotolerance in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Journal of Shellfish Research 16(2):487-491.

17. 1998. Friedman, C.S., Beaman, B.L., Chun, J., Goodfellow, M., and Hedrick, R.P. Nocardia crassostreae sp. nov., the causal agent of nocardiosis in Pacific oysters. International Journal of Sytematic Bacteriology 48:237-246.

18. 1998. Clegg, J.S., Uhlinger, K.R., Jackson, S.A., Cherr, G.N., Rifkin, E., and Friedman, C.S. Induced thermotolerance and the heat shock protein-70 family in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 17(1):79-83.

19. 1998. Shields, J.D., Buchal, M.A., and Friedman, C.S. Microencapsulation as a potential control technique against sabellid worms in abalone culture. Journal of Shellfish Research 17(1):79-83.

20. 1998. Grindley, R.A., Keogh, J.A., and Friedman, C.S. Shell lesions in New Zealand Haliotis spp. (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Journal of Shellfish Research 17(3):805-812.

21. 1999. Martello, L.B., Friedman, C.S., and Tjeerdema, R.S. Combined effects of chemical and natural stressors on nonspecific immunity in two species of abalone. Environmental Toxicology 49(3):213-225.

22. 2000. Antonio, D.B., Andree, K.B., Moore, J.D., Friedman, C.S., & Hedrick, R.P. Detection of Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes (RLPs) by In situ hybridization in black abalone Haliotis cracherodii with Witheirng Syndrome. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 75(2):180-182.

23. 2000. Friedman, C.S., Andree, K.B., Beauchamp, K., Moore, J.D., Robbins, T.T., Shields, J.D., and Hedrick, R.P. Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis, a newly described pathogen of abalone, Haliotis spp., along the west coast of North America. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 50:847-855.

24. 2000. Moore, J.D., Robbins, T.T., and Friedman, C.S. Withering syndrome in farmed red abalone, Haliotis rufescens: Thermal induction and association with a gastrointestinal Rickettsiales-like procaryote. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12:26-34.

25. 2000. Burreson, E.M., Stokes, N.A., and Friedman, C.S. Increased virulence in an introduced pathogen: Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) in the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Feature Article in Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12:1-8.

26. 2000. Andree, K.B., Friedman, C.S., Moore, J.D., & Hedrick, R.P. A polymerase chain reaction for detection of genomic DNA of a Rickettsiales-like prokaryote associated with Withering Syndrome in Black Abalone (Haliotis cracherodii). Journal of Shellfish Research 19(1):213-218.

27. 2001. Finley, C.A., Mulligan, T. and Friedman, C.S. Life History of an Exotic Sabellid Polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata: Influence of Temperature and Fertilization Strategy. Journal of Shellfish Research. 20(2):883-888.

28. 2001. Moore, JD, TT Robbins, RP Hedrick, CS Friedman. Transmission of the Rickettsiales-like procaryote, Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis, and its role in withering syndrome of California abalone Haliotis spp. Journal of Shellfish Research. 20(2):867-874.

29. 2002. Diggles, BK, N Nichol, PM Hine, S Wakefield, N Cochennec-Laureau, and RD Roberts, CS Friedman. Pathology of cultured paua Haliotis iris infected with a novel haplosporidian parasite, with some observations on the course of disease. Disease of Aquatic Organisms 50:219-231.

30. 2002. Friedman, CS, W Biggs, JD Shields, RP Hedrick.Transmission of Withering Syndrome in black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii Leach. Journal of Shellfish Research 21:817-824.

31. 2002. Moore, JD, CA Finley, TT Robbins, CS Friedman. Withering syndrome and restoration of southern California abalone populations. CalCOFI 43:112-117.

32. 2003. Friedman, CS, G Trevelyan, TT Robbins, EP Mulder, R Fields. Development of an oral administration of oxytetracycline to control losses due to withering syndrome in cultured red abalone Haliotis rufescens. Aquaculture 224:1-23.

33. 2003. Friedman, CS, CA Finley. Anthropogenic introduction of the etiological agent of withering syndrome into northern California abalone populations via conservation efforts. Can. J Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60:1424-1431.

34. 2004. Luengen, AC, CS Friedman, PT Raimondi, AR Flegal. 2004. Evaluation of mussel immune responses as indicators of contamination in San Francisco Bay. Mar. Environ. Res. 57:197-212.

35. 2004. Estes, RM, CS Friedman, RA Elston, RP Herwig. Pathogenicity testing of shellfish hatchery bacterial isolates on Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae. Dis. Aquat. Org. 58:223-230.

36. 2005. Friedman CS, RM Estes, NA Stokes, CA Burge, JS Hargove, BJ Barber, RA Elston, EM Burreson, KS Reece. Herpes virus in juvenile Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas from Tomales Bay, California, coincides with summer mortality episodes. Dis. Aquat. Org. 63:33-41.

37. 2005. Friedman, CS, HM Brown, TW Ewing, FJ Griffin, GN Cherr. Pilot study of the Olympia oyster Ostrea conchaphila in the San Francisco Bay estuary: description and distribution of diseases. Dis. Aquat. Org. 65:1-8.

38. 2005. Chambers, MD, H Hurn, CS Friedman, GR VanBlaricom. Drift card simulation of larval dispersal from San Nicolas Island, California, during black abalone spawning season. Pages 421-434 in DK Garcelon, CA Schwemm (eds), Proceedings, Sixth California Islands Symposium, Ventura, California, December 1-3, 2003. Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, California.

39. 2006. Chambers, MD, GR VanBlaricom, L Hauser, F Utter, CS Friedman. Genetic structure of black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) populations in the California islands and central California coast: impacts of larval dispersal and decimation from withering syndrome. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 331:173-185.

40. 2006. Burge, CA, FJ Griffin, CS Friedman. Mortality and herpesvirus infections of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in Tomales Bay, California, USA. Dis. Aquat. Org. 72:31-43.

41. 2006. Chambers, MD, GR VanBlaricom, L Hauser, F Utter, CS Friedman. Genetic structure of black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) populations in the California islands and central California coast: impacts of larval dispersal and decimation from Withering Syndrome. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 131:173-185

42. 2006. Braid, BA, JD Moore, TT Robbins, RP Hedrick, RS Tjeerdema, CS Friedman. Health and survival of red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, under varying temperature, food supply, and exposure to the agent of withering syndrome. J. Invert. Pathol. 89(3):219-231.

43. 2006. Burge, CA, FJ Griffin, CS Friedman. Summer mortality and herpes virus infections of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Tomales Bay, California.  Dis. Aquat. Organ. 72:31-43.

44. 2006. Vadopalas, B, J Bouma, C Jackels, CS Friedman. Application of quantitative PCR for simultaneous identification and quantification of larval abalone. J. Exper. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 334:219-228.

45. 2007. Burge, CA, LR Judah, LL Conquest, FJ Griffin, DP Cheney, A Suhrbier, B Vadopalas, PG Olin, T Renault, CS Friedman. Summer seed mortality of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg grown in Tomales Bay, California, USA: the influence of oyster stock, planting time, pathogens, and environmental stressors. J. Shellf. Res. 26(1):163-172.

46. Crosson, LM, L Hauser, CS Friedman, JF Morado. 2008. Development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) assay to assess the life history of Hematodinium, a parasitic dinoflagellate, and its impact on tanner crab populations in Alaska. J. Shellf. Res. 27:469-469.

47. Rothaus, DP, B Vadopalas, CS Friedman. 2008. Precipitous declines in pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana kamtschatkana) abundance in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington, USA, despite statewide fishery closure. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 65:2703-2711. DOI:10.1139/F08-168.

48. Travers, M-A, R Le Bouffant, CS Friedman, F Buzin, B Cougard, S Huchette, M Koken, C Paillard. 2009. Pathogenic Vibrio harveyi, in contrast to non-pathogenic strains, intervenes witht hep38 MAPK pathway to avoid an abalone haemocyte immune response. J. Cell. Biochem. 106:152–160.

49. Wight, NA, J Suzuki, B Vadopalas, CS Friedman. 2009. Development and optimization of quantitative PCR assays to aid Ostrea lurida Carpenter 1864 restoration efforts. Shellf. Res. 28(1):33-41.